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本帖最后由 PZL 于 2011-2-8 11:09 编辑
原创翻译
Battle of Berest 1651
(Bitwa pod Beresteczkiem)
27-30 June, 1651
别列斯科奇战斗
1621年6月27日至30日
One of the largest battle of 17 th C.
十七世纪最大的战斗之一。
Forces:
Polish 63 000 (including 2 to 4 thousand infantry mercenaries, and about 30,000 noble levy cavalry)
Tatar-Cossack 110,000
Losses: Polish about 700, Tatar-Cossack from 40,000 to 80,000
部队:
波兰 63 000人 (包括2000至4000雇佣步兵和约30000贵族民团骑兵)
鞑靼人,哥萨克 110,000人
损失:
波兰约700人
鞑靼—哥萨克 40,000到80,000人
"When the army of the Crown assembled at Sokalem, every portent was favorable the signs of the sky as well as those of the Soil."
“当王师在索卡尔集结时,从天上到地上的每一个迹象都是吉兆”
Prince Jeremi Wisniowiecki, who had been appointed commandeer of the van, arrived at the camp on June 1. Jeremi proposed to march against Chmielnicki, who still waited for the Crimean Tatars. The King moreover judged that Chmielnicki was planning to return to the Ukraine. Meanwhile, Hetman Zaporoski went the opposite way. On 27 June the king ordered the army to march toward Dubno. During the night of June 27-28 Jeremi sent out scouting cavalry which met with the vanguard of the Cossacks. This news was undoubtedly a shock to John Kazimierz’s and a blow to his plans. That night (27 -28 June) defensive works were thrown up in selected places near Berestko. That morning several thousand Tatar
. In total, over 60.000 Crown soldiers and about.120.000 Cossacks and Tatars would soon face each other.
耶雷梅·维希涅维茨基王公被任命为辎重车的统帅于6月1日到达营地。耶雷梅建议行军攻击还在等待克里米亚鞑靼人的赫麦尔尼茨基。国王判断赫麦尔尼茨基正在计划返回乌克兰。与此同时,扎波罗热的盖特曼去了相反的方向。6月27日国王下令军队迈向杜布诺。6月27日至28日夜,耶雷梅派出的侦察骑兵遭遇了哥萨克的前锋。这一消息无疑对杨·卡奇米日和他的计划是一个打击。当夜,选定在别列斯科奇附近地方建立防御工事。
那天上午,数千名鞑靼骑兵出现了。总计超过60.000官军士兵和大约120.000哥萨克和鞑靼人很快就会面对对方。
The Poles had started to use the chessboard style of deployment that alternated units of foote with units of horse. In addition, the center was covered well with firepower, Polish infantry musketry supported by artillery.
波兰人已经开始使用棋盘式布阵部署交替的步兵和骑兵部队。此外,阵中火力覆盖良好,波兰步兵的火绳枪得到了炮兵的火力支持。
Polish deployment.
The right wing was mostly Polish levy cavalry, which was at this time uneven in fighting quality and consistent in showing poor discipline (they would improve dramatically in quality over the next few years). The left wing held the most professional cavalry units. The Polish center was majority (probably about 60-75%) infantry, with infantry and cavalry interspersed in a formal checkerboard pattern. Since the most numerous, most professional and strongest Polish infantry had been the now-rebel Cossacks, a substantial contingent of mercenary infantry was hired to replace these, and now stood in the center. The King commands the center, behind artillery batteries, Hetman Kalinowski and Prince Jeremi command the left, Lanckoroński the right.

波军部署
右翼主要是民团骑兵,他们在这个时候的战斗品质参差不齐,战斗多年,一贯表现无纪律(在未来数年他们将极大地改善品质)。左翼拥有最专业的骑兵部队。波军中军主要是步兵(大约有60-75%),步兵和骑兵散布在整齐的棋盘状战阵中。一直以来在波兰军队步兵的组成中,数量最多,最专业,实力最强的就是现在起义的哥萨克人。而现在站在中军的大量雇佣步兵被招募来代替他们。国王统领阵中,背靠炮兵;盖特曼卡琳瑙斯基Kalinowski和耶雷梅亲王统领左翼;兰茨科龙斯基统领右翼。
The infantry mercenaries, the dragoons, hussars and most of the artillery was in the center under the command of John Kazimierz. Wings were mostly cavalry but also included a mix of cavalry and infantry, with the hetman of the Crown Martin Kalinowski and Prince Jeremi with the left, and Voiavod Stanislaw Lanckoroński with the right.
雇佣步兵,龙骑兵,翼骑兵和绝大多数炮兵部署在中军由杨·卡齐米尔指挥。王国盖特曼马丁·卡琳瑙斯基和耶雷梅王公统领左翼,斯坦尼斯拉夫·兰茨科龙斯基总督统领右翼。两翼绝大多数是骑兵但是也有骑兵和步兵的混成部队。
After a few hours on the 28th, Tatar skirmishers moved to attack the right and left wing. The strength of their attack was absorbed by the Polish cavalry. Jermi sent six light cavalry banners under Koniecpolski against the Tatars. The attack cleared the Tatars from the field, and continued the chase. One of the casualties was the famous Tatar commander Tuhaj-bej. The triumph of the first day raised Polish hopes.
28日的几个小时后,鞑靼前哨移动攻击左右两翼。他们的攻击被波兰骑兵抵挡住。耶雷梅派出六个骑兵旗队从属于卡琳瑙斯基之下对抗鞑靼人。这次袭击从战场上清除了鞑靼人,并继续追击。给鞑靼人造成伤亡的是之一是著名的鞑靼指挥官图哈依·拜阵亡。 第一天的胜利增加了波兰希望。
This figure shows the deployment - the Poles are single slash '/', Cossacks 'x' and Tatars as little horsemen icons.
该图显示了部署 - 波兰人是单斜杠'/',哥萨克人'x'和为图标为小骑手的鞑靼。

The villagers witnessed the spectacular marshaling and maneuver of the Cossacks on the morning of 29 June. The attacking Cossacks moved around to the south, and their forces concentrated on Wiśniowiecki’s and Kalinowski’s left wing. The Attack almost crushed the defenders. The center came to the aid of Wisniowiecki, who had been immediately targeted. The attack was blunted by the artillery, and Wiśniowieck fought back until his forces at last shook off the Cossacks. The Cossacks carried on firing on the right wing under grand hetman Nicholas Potocki, but this was also repulsed. Defeat of the Poles had seemed at times certain. Their army had been battered and its moral sunk, but yet stood fast.
6月29日晨,村民们目睹了哥萨克的壮观的编队和机动。攻击中的哥萨克向南移动,队伍集中于维希涅维茨基和卡琳瑙斯基的左翼。攻势几乎粉碎了防守方。中军派出援军给当时已经成为被攻击的维希涅维茨基。哥萨克的攻击被炮兵削弱,维希涅维茨基的反击直到他的部队摆脱了哥萨克。哥萨克向大盖特曼尼古拉斯·波托茨基的右翼射击,但进攻也被击退。波兰人的失败已经在那时看上去确定无疑,他们的军队已经重创,其精神已经沉沦,但还在坚守。
June 30 was the decisive day. John Kazimierz led part of his division in an attack, while In a reckless cavalry charge, Jeremi (not wearing armor, and wielding only his saber ) threw himself at the ranks of his opponent and overran the cieżką cavalry, Cossack infantry, and charged through three and in places ten rows of defensive tabor wagon walls (which for cavalry is a feat that is almost unimaginable). The Khan’s brother and general, Amurat, died in the fighting, which further dismayed the Tatars. The King moved also in support of the attack but the ill-disciplined noble levy cavalry did not follow-through completely. A gap was created, into which pressed the Cossacks, threatening to cut off the wedge of the attack. Prince Jeremi fell back, loosing a hussar banner. Meanwhile the King ordered in the right wing under the command of Lanckoroński, but Lanckoroński replied that he preferred to perish rather than to expose the King to the enemy (Chmielniki prepared a trap for the Poles in the forest and if Lanckoroński would have moved, the King’s rear would have been attacked by the Cossacks.)
6月30日是决定性的日子。在进攻中,杨·卡齐米尔带领了他部队的一部分,而在一个鲁莽的骑兵冲锋中,耶雷梅(不穿盔甲,只是挥舞他的马刀)置身对手阵前,超过重骑兵,哥萨克步兵,冲破了三层人群防守和十行辎重车组成的车垒(这是一个壮举为骑兵几乎是不可想象的)。汗的兄弟和将领,阿穆拉特,在战斗中丧生,这进一步使鞑靼人沮丧。国王也移动支援这次攻击,但是毫无纪律的贵族征募骑兵没能跟进,创造了一个空档,给挤进空档的哥萨克,造成切断波兰人的楔形攻势的威胁。耶雷梅王公退却,损失了一个翼骑兵旗队。与此同时,国王命令指挥兰茨科龙斯基统领的右翼,但是兰茨科龙斯基回答说,他宁愿死去,而不是国王暴露给敌人。(赫麦尔尼茨基给波兰人准备了一个陷阱,如果兰茨科龙斯基移动,国王的背后将会被哥萨克袭击)
The Polish infantry and artillery held staunchly and saved the day. Przyjemski’s artillerymen, seeing Gireja’s white Islamic banner, aimed in his direction. The shots were effective and the Tatars standing close by the Khan fell dead, and seeing this the Khan rushed to escape. Chmielnicki quickly rode to stop Khan Gireja, who angrily ordered Chmielnicki to be seized and bound to his horse, and then the Tatars headed toward their home in the Crimea, along with various other allied contingents. (The temporary loss of their leader and the exit of the Tatars meant the end of effective Cossack resistance, and those who could retreated or fled.)
波兰步兵和炮兵的坚定使得化险为夷,普瑞耶姆斯基的炮兵看见基利(注:克里木可汗,全名伊斯拉姆-基利)的白色伊斯兰旗帜,瞄准了他的方向。炮击起了效果,站在靠近可汗的鞑靼人被击毙,可汗仓皇逃窜。赫麦尔尼茨基立刻骑马去阻止可汗基利,基利愤怒地命令把赫麦尔尼茨基扣留,并绑在他的马背上,然后鞑靼人同形形色色的联盟部队一起走向他们在克里木的老巢。(领导人的暂时损失和鞑靼人的退出意味着哥萨克有抵抗效的结束,哥萨克只能撤退或逃亡)
On to the field remained only the walled tabor camp of the Cossacks, which was protected from being immediately overrun that day and the next when storms brought unusually heavy rain. They defended themselves to 7 July, then, after an explosion caused panic in camp, the Cossacks attempted to flee. Trapped by the river and its mud, thousands were cut down.
从流窜那天开始,战场上,只剩下壁垒化的哥萨克辎重车车垒营地提供保护,接着,暴风带来不寻常的大雨。他们守到7月7日,然后,营地突然发生恐慌,哥萨克企图逃走。 被困在河及其泥沼,数千人被砍倒。
Aftermath
后果
Now the Poles, brave on the field of battle, made a hash of politics. The King returned to Warsaw. With him went the noble levy and the private magnate armies. The noble levy, deciding their duty was discharged, dispersed. Jeremi and Polish Hetman Martin Kalinowski stayed to further fight with about 17.000 cavalry, and moved toward the Ukraine and joined up with the equally victorious Lithuanian army.
现在,在战场上勇敢战斗的波兰人,提出了一份政治表述。国王返回华沙。征募的贵族民团和权贵的私军与他同行。贵族民团被解除他们义务,解散。耶雷梅和波兰盖特曼马丁·卡琳瑙斯基带领大约17000骑兵,留下以进一步打击,并挥师乌克兰与同样取得胜利的立陶宛军队会师。
On 20 August about 11AM, in the Polish camp at Pawołoczą, Prince Jeremi died from uncertain causes. Some claim poison, other an epidemic. Diarists wrote that the day earlier Jeremi was thirsty and ate cucumbers and then he drank honey - perhaps here lies a clue. But the army suspected that their beloved leader had been poisoned. For this reason, they autopsied his body. Here is the fragment describing this:
8月20日大约上午11时,在波兰营地,耶雷梅王公死于不明原因。有些人断言是中毒,其他人认为是传染病。日记作者写道:那天早上耶雷梅感觉渴了,吃了些黄瓜喝了点蜂蜜。也许这就留下了一个线索。 但是军队怀疑他们敬爱的领袖被毒死的。 基于这个原因,他们解剖他的身体。 这里是描述这个片段:
„They laid him in a great barrel of fat. Into his bowels suet was poured, so that a hog could not be fatter, into the heart fat was poured, least the resin could not reach, and the lungs became very spoiled ".
他们把他放置在一个巨大的充满脂肪的大桶里。往他的肠子里灌油脂,一边使一只猪都不能比这更肥;灌进心脏的油脂,至少树脂无法到达,以及肺部开始非常糟糕。
The autopsy did not confirm poisoning, but that did not end rumors. In his last words the Prince deplored that God did not let him die on a horse in battle. As Jeremi died, so died the army’s fire. . Hetman Kalinowski, with complete victory within his grasp, agreed to a truce.
尸体解剖没有确认中毒,但这并没有结束传闻。在他留下的最后的话中,王公遗憾上帝没能让他死在战场的马背上。耶雷梅的死熄灭了军队的火焰。盖特曼卡琳瑙斯基带着他掌握的全面胜利,同意休战。
Hetman Chmielnicki’s defeat at Beresteczko made him sign an unfavorable treaty at Biała Cerkiew. The following year saw Cossack victory at Batoh. Soon, Chmielnicki’s Ukraine, on the decree of the Cossack military council, signed an alliance with Muscovy in 1654 and jointly attacked Poland and Lithuania. The united Russian-Ukrainian armies captured Minsk and Vilnius in 1655. As Sweden moved to conquer the rest of Poland, The Muscovites, who did not want a strengthened Sweden on the Baltic Sea, announced a truce in their war with Poland.
在别列斯科奇的失败使盖特曼赫麦尔尼茨基在白采尔科维签署了一项不利于他的条约。第二年,哥萨克在巴托格取得胜利 。 不久,赫麦尔尼茨基的乌克兰根据哥萨克军事会议法令,在1654年与莫斯科签署了的联盟,共同进攻波兰和立陶宛。 联合起来的露西亚与乌克兰军队在1655年占领了维尔纽斯明斯克。当瑞典转战征服剩下的波兰,莫斯科人不想在波罗的海上出现一个强大瑞典,同波兰宣布与他们的战争停火。 |
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